Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others.

【参考译文】：一些对个体的研究表明，儿童有犯罪行为倾向是因为他们没有在早期的劣迹行为中受到足够的惩罚，或者是通过在与别人的相互影响下学到了犯罪行为。